Virus del chikungunya: panorama global y avances en el diagnóstico

Irma Gisella Parrales Pincay, Maria Magdalena Ascencio Chilan, Maria Esther Villacreses Ruiz

Resumen


El virus del Chikungunya (CHIKV), un arbovirus transmitido por mosquitos del género Aedes, representa una creciente amenaza para la salud pública en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, con una expansión significativa desde su descubrimiento en África en los años 50. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo ofrecer un panorama global y actualizado de las pruebas de diagnóstico del virus de Chikungunya (CHIKV), se empleó una metodología cualitativa de tipo descriptivo y diseño documental, basada en una revisión bibliográfica sistemática. Los resultados evidencian avances significativos en el diagnóstico del CHIKV, demostrando que las pruebas serológicas pueden identificar la fase de la infección (antígenos en la fase aguda; IgM/IgG en la convalecencia) y diferenciar entre infecciones recientes y pasadas. Las técnicas moleculares, como la RT-LAMP y la RT-PCR, ofrecen una detección rápida y sensible, incluyendo aplicaciones en aguas residuales, mientras que la identificación de variantes virales y proteínas específicas mejora la precisión de los métodos. Asimismo, se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial con otros arbovirus y del diagnóstico perinatal para una vigilancia más eficaz. En conclusión, esto demuestra que el diagnóstico del CHIKV ha mejorado, destacando la utilidad de las pruebas serológicas y moleculares rápidas y sensibles, y la necesidad de métodos diferenciales para una detección precisa en las diferentes etapas de la infección.


Palabras clave


Chikungunya, Arbovirus; Diagnóstico molecular; Vacunas.

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v10i9.10442

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